Observable Variable: A variable whose state we can measure/observe. We visualize these by white nodes in graphs. Hidden Variable: A variables whose state we can not measure/observe. W
Correlation does not imply causation
Confounder: A confounder is a variable that influences both dependent and independent variables in a statistical/causal analysis.
Intervention: An intervention is when we forcefully set a state or process to be specifically what we want, without affecting any other part of the causal system.
Barometer competing hypothesis
H1: Weather causes change in the barometer
H2: Barometer causes change in the weather.
Then an intervention is done on the barometer